Conventions Used in This Book

The following typographical conventions are used in this book:

Italic

• Indicates new terms, URLs, email addresses, filenames, and file extensions.

Constant width

• Used for program listings, as well as within paragraphs to refer to commands and command-line options and to program elements such as variable or function names, databases, data types, environment variables, statements, and keywords.

Constant width bold

• Shows commands or other text that should be typed literally by the user.

Constant width italic

• Shows text that should be replaced with user-supplied values or by values determined by context.